Python Data Types

Data Type	Examples
Integers [int]	1, 2, 3, 432, 12, 98, -2, -1000
Floats [float] – Floating point numbers	1.2, 23.9, 100.2, -199.23, -122, 993.22344
Strings [str] – Anything within single or double inverted commas	"Hello World", "John Doe", "test string", "this is a long sentence", "3445"
Bool [bool] – Boolean values	True, False
List [list] – ordered sequence of values. Values can be of any data type	[1,2,3,4], ['x', 'y', 'z'], ["Hello World", "My Name"], [True, False, 'hello'], [[1,2,3], [2,3,4,5], True, 45, -1223], [{"first_key": True, "second_key": "Hello World"}]
Dictionary [dict] – a collection of key:value pairs. Keys can only be strings or integers. But values can be on any data type, including lists and other dictionaries.	{"firstName": "John", "last_name": "Doe"}
None (None) – a data type that basically means nothing.	None

Math Operators

Symbol	Operation	Example
+	Addition	1 + 231 + 21
-	Subtraction	100 - 23, 100 - 1231 - 21
*	Multiplication	20 * 10, 43 * 32 * 678
/	Division (result is always a float)	10 / 3
**	Exponentiation (raise to the power of)	2 ** 4
%	Modulo (remainder operator)	10 % 2
//	Integer Division (result is always in int and not a float)	100 // 33

Comments

# Never forget the PEMDAS rule
# This is another example of a comment

In Microsoft VSCode, type Ctrl + / to automatically comment an entire line. To comment a multiple lines, select all the lines with your mouse and then press Ctrl + /

Variables

Variables are always assigned with the variable name on the left and the value on the right of the equal sign. Variables must be assigned before they can be used. Variables can be:

• Assigned to other variables
• Reassigned at any time
• Assigned at the same time as other variables

x = 50
current_year = 2020
full_name = 'jane doe'
position = "machine learning engineer"

radius = 10
circumference = 2 * pi * radius  # variables can be complex math operations as well

new_score = 4520
highest_score = new_score  # variables can be assigned to other variables

linus_torvalds = 'Linus at FOSSConf, "Talk is cheap. Show me the code."'

Strings

String literals can be declared with either single or double quotes. You can have quotes inside your strings, but make sure they are different.

String Concatenation

Sequence	Meaning
\n	Enter / Return
\’	Single quote
\”	Double quote
\t	Horizontal Tab
\v	Vertical Tab
\\	Backslash

String Escape Sequences

message = "Welcome to RST"
user = "Guido"
greeting = message + ", " + user    # 'Welcome to RST, Guido'

# You can also use the "+=" operator. (in-place operators)
name = "Guido"
name += "van Rossum"
print(name) # 'Guido van Rossum'

Format Strings (f-strings)

items_in_cart = 8
message = f"You have {items_in_cart} items in your shopping cart."

print(message) # You have 8 items in your shopping cart.

net_amount = 100
GST_rate = 12
GST_amount = (GST_rate / 100) * net_amount
msg = f"Your total is only ₹{net_amount + GST_amount}"

String Indexes

String indexing is zero-based.

"hello"
"hello"[0]  # 'h'

name = "Yukihiro"
name[3] # 'i'
name[6] # 'r'

Converting Data Types

str(), int(), float(), list(), tuple(), dict(), set()

decimal = 3.141592653589793238
integer = int(decimal)  # 3

num_string = "2134"
num_int = int(num_string) # 2134

number = 2134
number_string = str(number) # "2134"
     
python_list = [1, 2, 3]
python_list_as_strings = str(python_list)   # '[1, 2, 3]'

my_dictionary = {"name": "John Doe", "age": 22, "address": "123, baker street"}
my_dict_string = str(my_dictionary) # {"name": "John Doe", "age": 22, "address": "123, baker street"}

tuple(python_list) # (1,2,3)
set(python_list) # {1,2,3}

Print function

To print something on the terminal

# Print a string
print("Hello World") # "Hello World"

# Print number
print(22) # 22
print(100 + 50) # 150

# Print the value of some variable
some_variable = (20 / 3) + 155 
print(some_variable) # 161.66666666666666

Getting User Input

Python has a built-in function called input that will prompt the user and give us back the result, which we can store into a variable.

print("Please enter your full name")
name = input()
name = input("Please enter your full name: ")

Conditional Statements (if/elif/else)

	
if name == "Mark Zuckerberg":
  print("Facebook")
elif name == "Jack Dorsey":
  print("Twitter")
elif name == "Sundar Pichai":
  print("Google")
else:
  print("Someone I don't know")

Truthy and Falsy

All conditional checks resolve to either True or False. We can call values that resolve to True as “truthy”, and values that resolve to False as “falsy”. Besides False, other things that are naturally falsy include: empty objects, empty strings, None and zero (0).

x = 1
x is 1  # True
x is 0  # False

Comparison Operators

Consider we are comparing two variables, x and y. Ex. x > y

Operator	What it does
==	Truthy if x has the same value as y
!=	Truthy if x does NOT have the same value as b
>	Truthy if x is greater than y
<	Truthy if x is less than y
>=	Truthy if x is greater than or equal to y
<=	Truthy if x is less than or equal to y

Logical Operators

Operator	What it does
and	Truthy if both x AND y are true
or	Truthy if either x OR y are true
not	Truthy if the opposite of x is true

IS VS. “==”

In Python, == and is are very similar in functionality, but they are not the same. == checks for the content, whereas is checks if both variables point to the same object in memory.

x = [1, 2, 3]   # A list of numbers.
y = [1, 2, 3]   # Don't worry about these for now
x == y          # True
x is y          # False

z = y
y is z          # True

Nested Conditionals

# Ask for age
age = input("How old are you? ")

if age:
    if int(age) >= 18 and int(age) < 21:
        # 18-21 wristband
        print("Entry permitted, but wristband necessary.")
    elif int(age) >= 21:
        # 21+ normal entry
        print("Entry granted")
    else:
        # underage
        print("Entry denied!")
else:
    print("Please enter your age!")

For Loops

• By convention, for loops are used when you have a block of code which you want to repeat a fixed number of times.
• for loops in Python are used for iterating over a sequence
  (range of numbers, strings, lists, dictionaries, etc.)

for item in iterable_object: 
    # do something with item -> (code block)

• An iterable object is some kind of collection of items, for instance, a list of numbers, a string of characters, a range, etc.
• item is a new variable that can be called whatever we wantitem references the current position of our iterator within the iterable.
• It will iterate over every item of the collection and then go away when it has visited all items.

[40, 32, 73]
"hello"
range(1, 10)

# Strings
for char in "rstforum":
    print(char)

# Range (1-9)
for x in range(1, 10):
    print(x)
    print("----")

# FizzBuzz Examples
for num in range(1, 21):
    if num == 5 or num == 16:
        print(f"{num}: FizzBuzz")
    elif num % 2 == 0:
        print(f"{num}: Fizz is even")
    else:
        print(f"{num}: Fizz is odd")

Ranges

Python ranges come in multiple forms:

• range(7) generates integers from 0 to 6
  Count starts at 0 and is exclusive
• range(1, 8) generates integers from 1 to 7
  Two parameters are (start, end)
• range(1, 10, 2) generates integers from 1 to 7
  Third parameter is called the “step” -> how many to skip over
• range(10, 1, -1) generates integers from 10 to 1
  The – here means count up, + is count down

While Loops

while loops continue to execute while a certain condition is truthy, and will end when they become falsy. while loops require a lot more setup than for loops, since you have to specify the termination conditions manually. If the condition doesn’t become false at some point, the loop will continue forever!

secret_password = None
while secret_password != "balony1":
    secret_password = input("Incorrect! Enter password again: ")

Python’s break statement will immediately terminate a loop. This helps us exit out of a loop whenever we want.

while True:
  command = input("Type 'exit' to exit: ")
  if (command == "exit"):
    break

for num in range(1, 21):
  print(num)
  if num == 5:
    break

List

tasks = ["Install Python", "Install VSCode", "Setup Auto PEP8"] # comma-separated values

first_task = "Install Python"
second_task = "Install VSCode"
third_task = "Setup Auto PEP8"

tasks = [first_task, second_task, third_task]

List Length

tasks = ["Install Python", "Install VSCode", "Setup Auto PEP8"]
len(tasks) # 3

Another built-in function to create list from a range: list()

tasks = list(range(1, 4))
tasks # [1, 2, 3]

Accessing values in a list

print(tasks[0]) # 'Install Python'
print(tasks[1]) # 'Install VSCode'
print(tasks[2]) # 'Setup Auto PEP8'

print(tasks[-1]) # 'Install Python'
print(tasks[-3]) # 'Setup Auto PEP8'

print(tasks[-4]) # IndexError

Checking values (in operator)

langs = ["Python", "JavaScript", "Rust", "Elm", "WASM"]
  
"Python" in langs   # true
"Rust" in langs   # true
"C++" in langs   # false

"python" in langs   # false

List Methods

# append() - Add an item to the end of a list.
random_numbers = [1, 4, 34, 21, 86]
random_numbers.append(9)
print(random_numbers)   # [1, 4, 34, 21, 86, 9]


# extend() - Add several items to the end of a list at the same time.
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4, 5, 6, 7) # does not work!
my_list.append([4, 5, 6, 7]) # [1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6, 7]]

my_list.extent([4, 5, 6, 7])
print(my_list) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]


# insert() - Insert an item at a given index position
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.insert(2, "What a number!")
print(my_list) # [1, 2, "What a number!", 3, 4]

my_list.insert(-1, "Last number.")
# [1, 2, "What a number!", 3, "Last number", 4]


# clear() - Remove all items from a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.clear() # parenthesis are required
print(my_list) # []


# pop() - Remove the items at a given position, and return it. If no index is specified, it removes & returns the last item.
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.pop() # 4
my_list.pop(1) # 2


# remove() - Removes the first occurrence of the item we provide. Throws a ValueError if the item we provided is not found.
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4]
my_list.remove(2)
print(my_list) # [1, 3, 4, 4, 4]

my_list.remove(4)
print(my_list) # [1, 3, 4, 4]


# index() - Returns the index of the specified item in the list
my_list = [1, 34, 11, 8, 4, 9, 211, 45, 98, 38, 7]
my_list.index(11) # 2
my_list.index(45) # 7

# Can specify start and end
my_list = [3, 3, 3, 5, 23, 3, 34, 8, 8, 4, 9, 211]
my_list.index(3) # 0
my_list.index(3, 1) # 1
my_list.index(3, 3) # 5
my_list.index(8, 6, 9) # 7


# count() - Receives a value we provide and returns the number of times it appears in the list.
my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 55, 23, 3, 2, 65, 2]
my_list.count(2) # 4
my_list.count(45) # 0
my_list.count(3) # 2


# reverse() - Reverse the elements of the list (in-place)
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.reverse()
print(my_list) # [4, 3, 2, 1]


# sort() - Sort the items of the list (in-place)
some_list = [3, 4, 7, 2, 9, 8, 0]
some_list.sort()
print(some_list) # [0, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9]


# join()
# Technically a String method that takes an iterable argument.
# Concatenates a copy of that base string between each item of the iterable and then returns a new string.
# Can be used to make sentences out of a list of words by joining on a space.

words = ["wax", "on", "wax", "off"]
" ".join(words) # 'wax on wax off'

fsociety = ["the", "world", "is", "a", "hoax"]
"_".join(fsociety) # 'the_world_is_a_hoax'

Slicing

Make new lists using slices of the old list. some_list[start:end:step]

# start: What index to start slicing from
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list[1:] # [2, 3, 4]
my_list[3:] # [4]

# start: Starting with a negative number will slice that many number of times from the end
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list[-1:] # [4]
my_list[-3:] # [2, 3, 4]

# end: The index to copy up to (exclusive counting)
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list[:2] # [1, 2]
my_list[:4] # [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list[1:3] # [2, 3] # start index is inclusive

# end: With negative numbers, how many items to exclude from the end (indexing by counting backwards)
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list[:-1] # [1, 2, 3]
my_list[1:-1] # [2, 3]

# step: the number to count at a time (sane as step in ranges)
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
my_list[1::2] # [2, 4, 6]
my_list[::2] # [1, 3, 5]

# step: With negative numbers, reverse the order
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
my_list[1::-1] # [2, 1]
my_list[:1:-1] # [6, 5, 4, 3]
my_list[2::-1] # [3, 2, 1]

# Reversing lists / strings
string = "Hello Python!"
string[::-1] # '!nohtyP olleH'

# Modifying portions of lists
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
numbers[1:3] = ['a', 'b', 'c'] # [1, 'a', 'b', 'c', 4, 5]

numbers[:4][::-1] # chaining

Swapping List Values

frameworks = ["Django", "Flask"]
frameworks[0], frameworks[1] = frameworks[1], frameworks[0]
print(frameworks)

List Comprehensions

The rough idea is we take an existing list and output another list with different values based upon the first list.
Syntax: [item logic for item (every) in list]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[num*10 for num in numbers] # [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
[num/2 for num in numbers] # [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5]

# List Comprehensions with conditional logic
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
evens = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 == 0]
odds = [num for num in numbers if num % 2 != 0]

[num*2 if num % 2 == 0 else num/2 for num in numbers]
# [0.5, 4, 1.5, 8, 2.5, 12]

Nested Lists

Lists inside of other lists. Also referred to as multidimensional lists

nested_list = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
len(nested_list) # 3

nested_list = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
nested_list[0][1] # 2
nested_list[1][-1] # 6

# Iterating throught nested loops
for list in nested_list:
  for val in list:
    print(val)

Nested List Comprehension

nested_list = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

# Would need to write two comprehensions
[[print(val) for val in list] for list in nested_list]

board = [[num for num in range(1, 4)] for val in range(1, 4)]
[[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]]

[["X" if num % 2 != 0 else "O" for num in range(1, 4)] for val in range(1, 4)]
# [['X', 'O', 'X'], ['X', 'O', 'X'], ['X', 'O', 'X']]